How is turbulence described in terms of fluid flow?

Turbulence in fluid flow refers to chaotic and irregular movement of fluid particles. Unlike laminar flow, which is smooth and orderly, turbulent flow is characterized by fluctuations in velocity and pressure that create eddies and vortices. This chaotic nature makes the flow unpredictable, contrasting with the other descriptions offered.

The correct choice highlights that turbulence does not exhibit the smoothness or consistency found in laminar flow, nor is it predictable and steady. These features result in a dynamic state where the flow can change rapidly over time and space, impacting various phenomena such as drag on an aircraft wing or the mixing of substances in a fluid. Understanding turbulence is essential in aviation, as it can affect flight performance and stability.