Which type of turbulence occurs as air flows over obstructions near the surface?

Mechanical turbulence occurs as a result of air flowing over obstructions, such as trees, buildings, and terrain irregularities near the surface. When the wind encounters these obstacles, it can create areas of disturbed airflow. Rather than moving smoothly, the air becomes turbulent, leading to eddies and irregular wind patterns. This type of turbulence is commonly encountered at lower altitudes where obstructions are prevalent.

Conversely, convective turbulence is associated with the vertical movements of air due to temperature differences, particularly when the ground heats unevenly. Wake turbulence results from the disturbance created by an aircraft as it generates lift, which can pose risks to following aircraft. Mountain wave turbulence arises when stable air passes over mountains, creating wave patterns in the atmosphere. Each of these turbulence types operates under different mechanisms, but mechanical turbulence specifically pertains to the disruption caused by surface-level obstructions.